Ingredient Encyclopedia

Retinol – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Retinol, a form of vitamin A, is one of the most studied skincare ingredients. It helps improve fine lines, uneven texture, and skin clarity by promoting cell turnover and stimulating collagen production. Over time, consistent use can visibly rejuvenate the skin and reduce the signs of aging. What is Retinol? Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin A derivative that converts into retinoic acid in the skin. This active form interacts with skin receptors to boost cell turnover, stimulate collagen and elastin production, and improve overall skin texture. Unlike prescription-strength retinoids, retinol is available over-the-counter and is generally well-tolerated when used correctly (DermNet NZ). Key Benefits Reduces Fine Lines & Wrinkles – Stimulates collagen production, improving skin elasticity and smoothing lines (PubMed) Improves Skin Texture – Enhances skin smoothness by promoting cell turnover (DermNet NZ) Treats Acne – Helps unclog pores and reduce acne lesions (PubMed) Evens Skin Tone – Reduces hyperpigmentation and promotes a brighter, more uniform complexion Photodamage Repair – Improves sun-damaged skin by repairing signs of photoaging Side Effects Retinol is effective but can cause temporary irritation, especially when first introduced. Common side effects include: Dryness and peeling Redness and irritation Increased sun sensitivity To minimize these effects, start with a lower concentration and gradually increase. Apply a moisturizer after retinol and always use sunscreen during the day to protect your skin. How to Use Retinol in Your Skincare Routine Start Slowly – Begin with 1–2 nights per week to allow your skin to build tolerance Apply After Cleansing – Use on clean, dry skin to enhance absorption Moisturize – Follow with a hydrating moisturizer to lock in moisture Use Sunscreen – Apply a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher daily, as retinol increases sun sensitivity Avoid Mixing with Certain Actives – Separate use from AHAs, BHAs, or Vitamin C to reduce irritation Beginner Tips Introduce retinol slowly and monitor skin reactions Consider buffering with a moisturizer for sensitive skin Consistency is key – visible results often appear after 8–12 weeks If irritation persists, reduce frequency or consult a dermatologist References A Clinical Anti-Ageing Comparative Study of 0.3 and 0.5% Retinol – PubMed Topical Retinoids – DermNet NZ Topical Treatment of Photodamage – DermNet NZ Related Guides Niacinamide – Benefits and Uses Vitamin C – Brightening Your Skin How to Layer Skincare Products How to Transition to Retinol Safely

What is Rice Water? Rice Water is the starchy water left after soaking or boiling rice. In skincare it is used for a soft, hydrating feel and for brightening the look of skin. Benefits Light hydration and smoothing feel. Often featured in toners and essences inspired by K‑beauty routines. Side Effects DIY versions can spoil; packaged products are formulated for stability. How to Use Use as a toner/essence step after cleansing. Pair with sunscreen daily for best brightening results. Related Ingredients See also: Niacinamide, Tranexamic Acid

Castor oil is a rich, thick, and deeply hydrating plant oil known for its incredible ability to lock in moisture and restore softness to dry skin and hair. Extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant, this nourishing oil has been used for centuries in skincare and haircare routines for its natural emollient and protective properties. What is Castor Oil? Castor Oil is a highly occlusive oil that forms a barrier to help prevent moisture loss. It’s rich in ricinoleic acid—a fatty acid known for its skin-conditioning benefits. Its thick texture makes it ideal for treating rough, cracked, or flaky skin, and it’s commonly found in cleansing balms, lip care, and hydrating body oils. Benefits of Castor Oil Locks in moisture: Helps seal hydration into the skin, making it ideal for dry or dehydrated areas. Softens and nourishes: Smooths rough patches and restores suppleness. Perfect for multitasking: Commonly used in lip balms, body creams, and cleansing oils. Natural shine: Adds a subtle sheen to the skin and hair for a healthy glow. Potential Side Effects & Precautions Heavy texture: Castor oil can feel thick or sticky, so it’s best used in small amounts or blended with lighter oils. Not for acne-prone skin: May clog pores if overused on breakout-prone areas. Hair growth myths: While it supports scalp health, results for hair growth can vary from person to person. How to Use Castor Oil Apply a few drops of castor oil after your moisturiser to seal in hydration on extremely dry patches. It can also be mixed with lighter oils like Squalane or Jojoba Oil for easier absorption. For cleansing, use it as part of an oil cleansing blend to gently dissolve makeup and impurities. Pro Tip: For softer lips, mix a drop of castor oil with your favourite lip balm before bed. It deeply conditions overnight for smooth, supple lips in the morning. Related Ingredients Explore other deeply nourishing natural ingredients: Shea Butter – Rich in vitamins and essential fatty acids for soft, glowing skin. Squalane – Lightweight hydration that balances and smooths skin. Jojoba Oil – A non-comedogenic oil that mimics the skin’s natural sebum. Final Thoughts Castor oil is a powerful, natural moisturiser that works wonders on dry, rough, or dehydrated skin. Whether you’re using it in a lip balm, body butter, or facial cleansing oil, it helps your skin feel soft, smooth, and nourished. Choose high-quality, cold-pressed castor oil for the best results. Looking for skincare made with naturally hydrating oils? Explore our Face Oils Collection and discover formulas enriched with Castor Oil and other botanical actives for healthy, radiant skin.  

What is Coffee Seed Oil? Coffee Seed Oil and coffee extract provide antioxidant support and a richer emollient feel. They are used in some serums, creams, and body products. Benefits Antioxidant support from natural compounds. Rich emollient feel; great in body care. Side Effects Fragrant components may be sensitising for some users—patch test first. How to Use Apply in the last step of your routine or choose creams that include coffee oil/extract for glow. Related Ingredients See also: Green Tea, Vitamin E

What is Sweet Almond Oil? Sweet Almond Oil is a lightweight emollient rich in fatty acids and vitamin E. It helps soften the feel of skin and reduce the look of dryness. Benefits Softening, smoothing emollient effect. Useful for massage oils and as an occlusive final step. Side Effects Nut‑derived; avoid if you have a known nut allergy. How to Use Layer a small amount over hydrating serums or moisturisers—especially on dry areas. Related Ingredients See also: Squalane, Jojoba Oil

What is Avocado Oil? Avocado Oil is a plant oil rich in oleic acid, vitamins, and phytosterols. It is commonly used to soften the feel of dry skin and support the skin’s barrier. Benefits Rich, emollient feel that helps reduce transepidermal water loss. Contains antioxidants that support the look of healthy skin. Pairs well with humectants like glycerin or hyaluronic acid. Side Effects May feel heavy on very oily skin types. Patch test if you have plant‑oil sensitivities. How to Use Apply a few drops over moisturiser at night or look for creams containing avocado oil for a richer finish. Related Ingredients See also: Rosehip Oil, Squalane

Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Niacinamide (also called Nicotinamide) is a form of vitamin B3 that has become one of the most trusted ingredients in skincare. Dermatologists recommend it for its gentle yet powerful effects on improving skin barrier function, evening skin tone, and reducing irritation. What is Niacinamide? Niacinamide is a water-soluble vitamin that works with your skin's natural biology. It helps build keratin (a key protein for strong, healthy skin), strengthens the skin barrier, and regulates sebum production. It is suitable for almost all skin types — including sensitive and acne-prone skin — making it a versatile addition to most routines. Key Benefits Strengthens the skin barrier: Reduces transepidermal water loss, keeping skin hydrated and plump. Minimises pores: Helps regulate oil production and makes pores appear smaller over time. Reduces hyperpigmentation: Inhibits melanosome transfer, leading to a brighter, more even complexion. Soothes redness: Calms irritation and reduces visible signs of inflammation. Anti-aging support: Stimulates ceramide production, softening fine lines. Balances oily skin: Regulates excess sebum without over-drying. Who Should Use It? Anyone with uneven skin tone or dark spots Those with oily or acne-prone skin People with redness or sensitivity Anyone looking to strengthen their skin barrier Who Should Avoid It? Most people can tolerate Niacinamide well, but those with known allergies or reactions to vitamin B3 should avoid it. If irritation occurs, try a lower concentration (2-5%) or use every other day. How to Use Niacinamide in Your Routine Apply after cleansing and toning but before heavy creams or oils. Works well with most actives, including hyaluronic acid and peptides. Avoid combining with very low pH formulas (like strong vitamin C serums) in the same routine to prevent flushing. Daily SPF is recommended to protect results. Verdict Niacinamide is one of the most beginner-friendly, research-backed ingredients in skincare. It delivers visible results for brightness, clarity, and overall skin health with minimal risk of irritation. 👉 Want to experience Niacinamide in your routine? Try our Hyaluronic Serum – For Clear Skin, formulated with Niacinamide to boost hydration and brighten your complexion. FAQs Can Niacinamide cause purging?No — Niacinamide is not an exfoliant, so it does not trigger purging. Breakouts may be due to another ingredient in your routine. Is Niacinamide safe during pregnancy?Yes, topical Niacinamide is generally considered safe, but always consult your doctor if unsure. What concentration should I use?Most studies show 2–5% delivers benefits with minimal irritation. Higher concentrations (10%) can be effective for stubborn concerns but may cause flushing in very sensitive skin. References: PubMed – Topical Niacinamide Study · NHS: Nicotinamide Information · American Academy of Dermatology: Niacinamide

Ensulizole (Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Ensulizole (Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Octinoxate (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Octinoxate (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Avobenzone (Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Avobenzone (Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

1,2-Hexanediol – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses 1,2-Hexanediol is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Saccharide Isomerate (Pentavitin) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Saccharide Isomerate (Pentavitin) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Ectoin – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Ectoin is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Lactobacillus Ferment – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Lactobacillus Ferment is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Bifida Ferment Lysate – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Bifida Ferment Lysate is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate (HPR) is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.

Retinyl Propionate – Benefits, Side Effects & Uses Retinyl Propionate is commonly used in skincare. Below is a plain-English guide to what it does, who it may suit, who should be cautious, and how to use it within a routine. Key Benefits a c t i v e Who Should Use It? Depends on skin goals and tolerance Patch test if sensitive Who Should Avoid It? Those with known sensitivities Consult guidance for special circumstances How to Use Introduce gradually Layer with moisturiser Daily SPF recommended 👉 Explore related products in our shop.